Art History offers a doctoral program that explores cultural, formal, and theoretical concerns central to the visual arts. Academic concentrations include the art and architecture of: the ancient Mediterranean (Egypt, Greece, and Rome); the Ancient Americas; Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque Europe; modern and contemporary art and architecture in Europe, the United States, and Africa Theology of the Body is the topic of a series of lectures given by Pope John Paul II during his Wednesday audiences in St. Peter's Square and the Paul VI Audience Hall between September 5, , and November 28, It constitutes an analysis on human sexuality. The complete addresses were later compiled and expanded upon in many of John Paul's encyclicals, letters, and exhortations Hopefully, as the framework is now maturing, more such papers will appear. Extent of this site's coverage of the Threshold Concept Framework This bibliography initially reflected the interests of the compiler but, over a decade, has been massively extended to cover most disciplines and topics in which there are published papers on the threshold concept framework
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A professional degreeformerly known in the US as a first professional degreeis a degree that prepares someone to work in a particular professionoften meeting the academic requirements for licensure or accreditation. For a variety of reasons, professional degrees may bear the name of a different level of qualification from their classification in qualifications, e. The first doctorates were awarded in the mid twelfth century to recognise teachers doctors in mediaeval universities, either in civil law at the University of Bologna [8] or in theology at the University doctoral theological thesis subjects Paris.
These mediaeval doctorates remained, however, essentially teaching qualifications, with their major importance being the ius ubique docendi — the right to teach anywhere. The first university medical school to be established in the United Kingdom was at the University of Edinburgh infollowed in by the University of Glasgow. InGlasgow became the first British university to offer a separate degree in surgery, the Master of Surgery.
However, other Scottish universities — St Andrews and the two universities in Aberdeen — also offered medical degrees, often in absentia and without doctoral theological thesis subjects, despite not having medical schools. Following the passing of the Medical Act and the establishment of the General Medical CouncilScottish graduates gained the right to practice in England and degrees in both medicine and surgery became the norm.
The Scottish practice of awarding the Doctor of Medicine M. as a first degree was abolished by the university commissioners appointed under the Universities Scotland Actit doctoral theological thesis subjects replaced by the Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery MSwith the MD becoming a higher degree as in England. The commissioners under the Universities Scotland Act completed the reform by replacing the MS with the Bachelor of Surgery, the MS joining the MD as a higher degree and the initial professional qualification taking on its modern form as the double Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgerydegree.
The first university in England to offer training in theology for those intending to become priests in the Church of England was the University of Durham infollowing the lead of colleges such as St Bees Theological College and St David's College, Lampeter. The Licence in Theology could be taken as either a one year graduate course, following on from a BA, or a three-year undergraduate course. Anglican theological colleges partnered with local universities to offer professional degrees in theology and ministry during the twentieth century.
Sincehowever, the Common Award degrees, validated by Durham, have offered a more unified training across the theological colleges. Legal studies in England were mainly confined to the Inns of Court until the late nineteenth century. The only undergraduate course was at Cambridge and concentrated on Roman civil law rather than English doctoral theological thesis subjects law ; in terms of employment, that the bishops accepted it as equivalent to a B.
for ordination was more useful than the legal training it provided, and it was generally seen as an easy option for those who couldn't cope with the mathematics on the B. However, it has only been since the s that law schools have taken on a leading role in training lawyers and truly established professional degrees.
In the latter part of the twentieth century, many chartered bodies introduced educational requirements for their chartered professional statuses, most notably the Engineering Council requirements for Chartered Engineer.
This led to the accreditation of degrees by the relevant professional bodies and, in the case of engineering, to the Washington Accord — an international agreement between engineering regulatory bodies to recognise professional degrees accredited in each country — signed originally in by the UK, US, Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand, and since expanded to include many other countries.
The Bachelor of Medicine, or M. Doctoral theological thesis subjects first medical schools that granted the M. degree were at the University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University. Columbia University was the first American university to grant the M. degree inalthough, as in England, this followed the M, doctoral theological thesis subjects.
which was the qualifying degree and required completion of a thesis. These eliminated the general education and long lecture terms of the university schools, making them much more popular. Without effective regulation, abuses arose, and national conventions in and led to the establishment of the American Medical Association. This new body set the first nationwide standards for M. degrees, doctoral theological thesis subjects, requiring that students had a liberal education in arts and sciences as part of their degree, that they had served an apprenticeship before starting the course, doctoral theological thesis subjects, and that the course lasted three years.
The M. was thus the first entry-level professional degree to doctoral theological thesis subjects awarded as a purely trade school "doctor" degree in the United States, before the first European-style doctorate, the Ph.
was not established as a post-baccalaureate degree until much later, doctoral theological thesis subjects. This was followed by the "Graduate of Law" at the University of Virginia inwhich became the first American LL.
in The J. was introduced by the University of Chicago inwith the same curriculum as the Doctoral theological thesis subjects. but requiring a previous B. for entry. spread, but encountered opposition, and Harvardwhich imposed graduate entry as a requirement for its LL. course inand Yale used the name for their post-LL. degree, elsewhere called the LL.
By the s, when most law schools had shifted to graduate entry, the standard degree was once again the LL.
The second shift to the J. In the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, other professions, particularly in clinical fields, transitioned their professional degrees to doctorates, doctoral theological thesis subjects, following the example of the M.
and J. The Master of Public Health M, doctoral theological thesis subjects. degree and the Doctor of Public Health Dr. are multi-disciplinary professional degrees awarded for studies doctoral theological thesis subjects areas related to public health. degree focuses on public health practice, as opposed to research or teaching. In the s there was also some doctoral theological thesis subjects in the architectural community about renaming the professional degree in architecture a "doctorate".
Critics have claimed that these degrees should not be called doctorates, pointing out that a Ph. takes an average of twelve years from the start of college, compared to five and a half to doctoral theological thesis subjects years for professional doctorates, while defenders of the new professional doctorates have said the point of comparison should be the M.
Among the professional degrees in the United States, one particular form was the graduate-entry first-professional degree, often denominated as a doctorate. The US Department of Education defined these as: "A first-professional degree was an award that required completion of a program that met all of the following criteria: 1 completion of the academic requirements to begin practice in the profession; 2 at least two years of college work prior to entering the program; and 3 a total of at least six academic years of college work to complete the degree program, including prior required college work plus the length doctoral theological thesis subjects the professional program itself, doctoral theological thesis subjects.
Sincethe classification "doctor's degree - professional practice" has been used for "[a] doctor's degree that is conferred upon completion of a program providing the knowledge and skills for the recognition, credential, or license required for professional practice. Besides professional doctorates, doctoral theological thesis subjects, other professional degrees can exist that use the title of bachelor or master, e, doctoral theological thesis subjects.
and M. in architecture. or other doctor's degree that requires advanced work beyond the master's level, including the preparation and defense of a dissertation based on original research, or the planning and execution of an original project demonstrating substantial artistic or scholarly achievement. This sits between "master's degree" and "doctorate degree" with the examples for a doctorate being Ph. and Ed. Some professional fields offer degrees beyond the professional doctorate or other degree required for qualification, sometimes termed post-professional degrees.
Higher professional degrees may also be offered in fields that do not have specific academic requirements for entry, such as Fine Arts. These degrees may be at master's or doctorate levels. Professional degrees in the UK are accredited by professional, statutory and regulatory bodies, which work with the Quality Assurance Agency on defining benchmark statements for their subjects. Many professional degrees span teaching at bachelor's and master's level, doctoral theological thesis subjects, leading to a master's level award:.
This includes older degrees that retain the names of bachelor's degrees for historic reasons, e. or Master of Pharmacy M. followed by a Master of Science M. in Engineering, [53] or a Bachelor of Arts B.
or Bachelor of Science B. in Architecture followed by a year of professional experience, then a two-year Master of Architecture M. in Law for both solicitors and barristers [55] or a B. in Surveying. It is common for professional qualification in the UK to require professional experience in addition to academic qualification.
For Architecture, the standard route has a year of experience between the bachelor's and master's stages and a further year after the master's before the final examination; [54] becoming a Chartered Engineer requires post-degree Initial Professional Development that typically takes four to six years; [58] becoming a General Practitioner requires five years of study beyond the M.
In addition to initial professional degrees, some professional master's degrees and most professional doctorates, e. and Doctor of Engineering Eng. UK professional doctorates are research degrees at the same level as Ph. Some doctoral theological thesis subjects degrees are designed specifically for trainees or members within a particular organisation, rather than being available via general enrollment.
Examples of these include the Church of England 's Common Awards with Durham University and the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants ' B. in Applied Accounting with Oxford Brookes University. In medicine, individual countries specify rules for recognising foreign qualifications; in the US, for example, this is carried out by the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates ECFMG and in the UK by the General Medical Council GMC.
In engineering, the Washington Accord recognised that the academic training i. is equivalent in the signatory countries. and the Dublin Accord for Engineering Technicians. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Academic degree for qualification to work in a specific profession.
See also: Medical education. See also: Regulation and licensure in engineering, doctoral theological thesis subjects. University of Glasgow. Retrieved 3 October Study in Australia. Government of Australia, doctoral theological thesis subjects. A Professional Degree is an academic degree that prepares the holder for a particular profession. Collins; Nancy Patricia O'Brien 31 July The Greenwood Dictionary of Education: Second Edition.
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Hopefully, as the framework is now maturing, more such papers will appear. Extent of this site's coverage of the Threshold Concept Framework This bibliography initially reflected the interests of the compiler but, over a decade, has been massively extended to cover most disciplines and topics in which there are published papers on the threshold concept framework A professional degree, formerly known in the US as a first professional degree, is a degree that prepares someone to work in a particular profession, often meeting the academic requirements for licensure or accreditation. Professional degrees may be either graduate or undergraduate entry, depending on the profession concerned and the country, and may be classified as bachelor's, We value excellent academic writing and strive to provide outstanding essay writing service each and every time you place an order. We write essays, research papers, term papers, course works, reviews, theses and more, so our primary mission is to help you succeed academically
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